{"id":5583,"date":"2023-04-24T13:07:20","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T13:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/amnewsworld.com\/?p=5583"},"modified":"2023-04-24T13:07:20","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T13:07:20","slug":"todays-profile-h-e-fmr-president-j-j-rawlings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amnewsworld.com\/fi\/todays-profile-h-e-fmr-president-j-j-rawlings\/","title":{"rendered":"Today’s Profile : H.E Fmr. President J. J. Rawlings"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jerry John Rawlings<\/b>\u00a0(22 June 1947\u00a0\u2013 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian military officer and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001. He led a\u00a0military junta\u00a0until 1992, and then served two terms as the democratically elected\u00a0President of Ghana.<\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Rawlings came to power in Ghana as a\u00a0flight lieutenant\u00a0of the\u00a0Ghana Air Force\u00a0following\u00a0a coup d’\u00e9tat\u00a0in 1979. Prior to that, he led an unsuccessful coup attempt against the ruling military government on 15 May 1979, just five weeks before scheduled democratic elections were due to take place. After handing power over to a civilian government, he took back control of the country on 31 December 1981 as the chairman of the\u00a0Provisional National Defence Council\u00a0(PNDC).<\/p>\n

In 1992, Rawlings resigned from the military, founded the\u00a0National Democratic Congress\u00a0(NDC), and became the first President of the Fourth Republic. He was re-elected in 1996 for four more years.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0After two terms in office, the limit according to the\u00a0Ghanaian Constitution, Rawlings endorsed his vice-president\u00a0John Atta Mills\u00a0as a presidential candidate in 2000. Rawlings served as the\u00a0African Union\u00a0envoy to\u00a0Somalia.<\/sup>\u00a0He died in November 2020, at age 73 and was accorded a\u00a0state funeral.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Background<\/span><\/h2>\n

Rawlings was born as Jerry Rawlings John on 22 June 1947 in\u00a0Accra, Ghana, to Victoria Agbotui, an\u00a0Anlo Ewe\u00a0from\u00a0Dzelukope,\u00a0Keta, and James Ramsey John, a British chemist from\u00a0Castle Douglas\u00a0in\u00a0Kirkcudbrightshire,\u00a0Scotland. Rawlings attended\u00a0Achimota School\u00a0and a military academy at Teshie.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings was married to\u00a0Nana Konadu Agyeman, whom he met while at\u00a0Achimota College. They had three daughters:\u00a0Zanetor Rawlings, Yaa Asantewaa Rawlings, Amina Rawlings; and one son, Kimathi Rawlings.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0Junior Agogo\u00a0was the nephew of Rawlings.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Education and <\/span>military career<\/span><\/h3>\n

Rawlings finished his secondary education at Achimota College in 1967.<\/sup>\u00a0He joined the Ghana Air Force shortly afterwards; on his application, the military switched his surname John and his middle name Rawlings.<\/sup>\u00a0In March 1968, he was posted to\u00a0Takoradi, in Ghana’s\u00a0Western Region, to continue his studies. He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned as a\u00a0pilot officer, winning the coveted “Speed Bird Trophy” as the best cadet in flying the\u00a0Su-7\u00a0ground attack supersonic jet aircraft as he was skilled in aerobatics. He earned the rank of\u00a0flight lieutenant\u00a0in April 1978. During his service with the\u00a0Ghana Air Force, Rawlings perceived a deterioration in discipline and morale due to corruption in the\u00a0Supreme Military Council\u00a0(SMC). As promotion brought him into contact with the privileged classes and their social values, his view of the injustices in society hardened. He was thus regarded with some unease by the SMC. After the 1979 coup, he involved himself with the student community of the\u00a0University of Ghana, where he developed a more leftist ideology through reading and discussion of social and political ideas.<\/sup><\/p>\n

1979 coup and purges<\/span><\/h2>\n
Further information:\u00a04 June revolution in Ghana<\/div>\n

Rawlings grew discontented with\u00a0Ignatius Kutu Acheampong’s government, which had come to power through a coup in January 1972.<\/sup>\u00a0Acheampong was accused not only of corruption, but also of maintaining Ghana’s dependency on pre-colonial powers, in a situation which led to economic decline and impoverishment.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Rawlings was part of the Free Africa Movement, an underground movement of military officers who wanted to unify Africa through a series of coups. On 15 May 1979, five weeks prior to civilian elections, Rawlings and six other soldiers staged a coup against the government of General\u00a0Fred Akuffo, but failed and were arrested by\u00a0the military.<\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings was publicly sentenced to death in a General\u00a0Court Martial\u00a0and imprisoned, although his statements on the social injustices that motivated his actions won him civilian sympathy.<\/sup>\u00a0While awaiting execution, Rawlings was sprung from custody on 4 June 1979 by a group of soldiers.<\/sup>\u00a0Claiming that the government was corrupt beyond redemption and that new leadership was required for Ghana’s development, he led the group in a coup to oust the Akuffo Government and Supreme Military Council.<\/sup>\u00a0Shortly afterwards, Rawlings established and became the Chairman of a 15-member\u00a0Armed Forces Revolutionary Council\u00a0(AFRC), primarily composed of junior officers.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0He and the AFRC ruled for 112 days and arranged the execution by firing squad of eight military officers, including Generals Kotei, Joy Amedume, Roger Felli, and Utuka, as well as the three former Ghanaian heads of state; Acheampong, Akuffo, and\u00a0Akwasi Afrifa.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

These executions were dramatic events in the\u00a0history of Ghana, which had previously suffered few instances of political violence. Rawlings later implemented a much wider “house-cleaning exercise” involving the killings and abduction of over 300 Ghanaians. Elections were held on time shortly after the coup. On 24 September 1979, power was peacefully handed over by Rawlings to President\u00a0Hilla Limann, whose People’s National Party (PNP) had the support of Nkrumah’s followers. <\/sup>Two years later, on 31 December 1981 Rawlings ousted President Hilla Limann in a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat, claiming that civilian rule was weak and the country’s economy was deteriorating. The killings of the Supreme Court justices (Cecilia Koranteng-Addow, Frederick Sarkodie, and Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong), military officers Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah also occurred during the second military rule of Rawlings. However, unlike the 1979 executions, these persons were abducted and killed in secret and it is unclear who was behind their murders, though\u00a0Joachim Amartey Kwei\u00a0and four others were convicted of murdering the Justices and Acquah, and were executed in 1982.<\/sup><\/p>\n

1981 coup and reforms<\/span><\/h2>\n

Believing the Limann regime to be unable to resolve Ghana’s neocolonial economic dependency, Rawlings led a second coup against Limann and indicted the entire political class on 31 December 1981.<\/sup>\u00a0In place of Limann’s\u00a0People’s National Party, Rawlings established the\u00a0Provisional National Defence Council\u00a0(PNDC) military junta as the official government.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Rawlings hosted state visits from “revolutionaries” from other countries, including\u00a0D\u00e9si Bouterse\u00a0(Suriname),<\/sup>\u00a0Daniel Ortega\u00a0(Nicaragua), and\u00a0Sam Nujoma\u00a0(Namibia).<\/sup>\u00a0More famously, Rawlings reversed Limann’s boycott of\u00a0Gaddafi\u2019s Libya, allowing the\u00a0Black Stars\u00a0to compete in the\u00a01982 African Cup of Nations. The team won the AFCON trophy for the fourth time, their last win as of 2022.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Although the\u00a0PNDC\u00a0claimed to be representative of the people, it lacked experience in the creation and implementation of clear economic policies.<\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings, like many of his predecessors, attributed current economic and social problems to the “trade malpractices and other anti-social activities” of a few businesspeople.<\/sup> In December 1982, the PNDC announced its four-year economic program of establishing a state monopoly on export-import trade with the goal of eliminating corruption surrounding import licenses and shift trade away from dependency on Western markets.<\/sup>\u00a0Unrealistic\u00a0price controls\u00a0were imposed on the market and enforced through coercive acts, especially against businesspeople.<\/sup>\u00a0This resolve to employ state control over the economy is best demonstrated by the destruction of the\u00a0Makola No.1 Market.<\/sup> The PNDC established Workers’ Defense Committees (WDCs) and People’s Defense Committees (PDCs) to mobilize the population to support radical changes to the economy.<\/sup> Price controls on the sale of food were beneficial to urban workers, but placed undue burden on 70% of the rural population whose income largely depended on the prices of agricultural products.\u00a0<\/sup>Rawlings’ economic policies led to an economic crisis in 1983, forcing him to undertake structural adjustment and submit himself to election to retain power.<\/sup>\u00a0Elections were held in January 1992, leading Ghana back to multiparty democracy.<\/sup><\/p>\n

1992 elections<\/span><\/h2>\n
Further information:\u00a0Rawlings government<\/a><\/div>\n
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<\/a><\/p>\n
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<\/div>\n

President Rawlings (right) with United States Ambassador\u00a0Kenneth L. Brown\u00a0(center) and a\u00a0United States Air Force\u00a0crewman in 1995<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Rawlings established the National Commission on Democracy (NCD) shortly after the 1982 coup, and employed it to survey civilian opinion and make recommendations that would facilitate the process of democratic transition. In March 1991, the NCD released a report recommending the election of an executive president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation of the post of prime minister. The PNDC used NCD recommendations to establish a committee for the drafting of a new constitution based on past Ghanaian Constitutions, that lifted the ban on political parties in May 1992 after it was approved by referendum.<\/sup><\/p>\n

On 3 November 1992, election results compiled by the INEC from 200 constituencies showed that Rawlings’ NDC had won 60% of the votes, and had obtained the majority needed to prevent a second round of voting.<\/sup>\u00a0More specifically, the NDC won 62% in the Brong-Ahafo region, 93% in the Volta region, and majority votes in Upper West, Upper East, Western, Northern, Central, and Greater Accra regions.<\/sup>\u00a0His opponents Professor\u00a0Adu Boahen\u00a0won 31% of the votes, former President Hilla Limann won 6.8%,\u00a0Kwabena Darko\u00a0won 2.9%, and\u00a0Emmanuel Erskine\u00a0won 1.7%.<\/sup>\u00a0Voter turnout was 50%.<\/sup><\/p>\n

The ability of opposition parties to compete was limited by the vast advantages Rawlings possessed. Rawlings’ victory was aided by the various party structures that were integrated into society during his rule, called the “organs of the revolution”.<\/sup> These structures included the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs), Commando Units, 31 December Women’s Organization, the 4 June movement, Peoples Militias, and Mobisquads, and operated on a system of popular control through intimidation.<\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings held a monopoly over national media, and was able to censor print and electronic media through a PNDC newspaper licensing decree, PNDC Law 221.<\/sup>\u00a0Moreover, Rawlings imposed a 20,000 cedis (about $400) cap on campaign contributions, which made national publicity of opposition parties virtually impossible. Rawlings himself began campaigning before the official unbanning of political parties and had access to state resources and was able to effectively meet all monetary demands required of a successful campaign.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings travelled across the country, initiating public-works projects and giving public employees a 60% pay rise prior to election day.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Opposition parties objected to the election results, citing incidences of\u00a0vote stuffing\u00a0in regions where Rawlings was likely to lose and rural areas with scant populations, as well as a bloated voters’ register and a partisan electoral commission.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0However, the\u00a0Commonwealth Observer Group, led by Sir\u00a0Ellis Clarke, approved of the election as “free and fair”, as there were very few issues at polling stations and no major incidences of voter coercion.<\/sup>\u00a0In contrast, the\u00a0International Foundation for Electoral Systems\u00a0(IFES) issued a report supporting claims that erroneous entries in voter registration could have affected election results.<\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0Carter Center\u00a0did acknowledge minor electoral issues but did not see these problems as indicative of systematic electoral fraud.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Opposition parties boycotted subsequent Ghana parliamentary and presidential elections, and the unicameral National Assembly, of which NDC officials won 189 of 200 seats and essentially established a one-party parliament that lacked legitimacy and only had limited legislative powers.<\/sup>\u00a0After the disputed election, the PNDC was transformed into the National Democratic Congress (NDC).<\/sup><\/p>\n

Rawlings took office on 7 January 1993, the same day that the new constitution came into effect, and the government became known as the\u00a0Fourth Republic of Ghana.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Policies and reforms<\/span><\/h2>\n

Rawlings established the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) suggested by the\u00a0World Bank\u00a0and the\u00a0International Monetary Fund\u00a0in 1982 due to the poor state of the economy after 18 months of attempting to govern it through administrative controls and mass mobilization.<\/sup>\u00a0The policies implemented caused a dramatic currency devaluation, the removal of price controls, and social-service subsidies which favored farmers over urban workers, and privatization of some state-owned enterprises, and restraints on government spending.<\/sup>\u00a0Funding was provided by bilateral donors, reaching US$800\u00a0million in 1987 and 1988, and US$900\u00a0million in 1989.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Between 1992 and 1996, Rawlings eased control over the judiciary and civil society, allowing a more independent\u00a0Supreme Court\u00a0and the publication of independent newspapers. Opposition parties operated outside of parliament and held rallies and press conferences.<\/sup><\/p>\n

1996 elections<\/span><\/h2>\n

Given the various issues with the 1992 elections, the 1996 elections were a great improvement in terms of electoral oversight. Voter registration was re-compiled, with close to 9.2 million voters registering at nearly 19,000 polling stations, which the opposition had largely approved after party agents had reviewed the lists.<\/sup>\u00a0The emphasis on transparency led Ghanaian non-governmental organizations to create the Network of Domestic Election Observers (NEDEO), which trained nearly 4,100 local\u00a0poll watcher.<\/sup>\u00a0This organization was popular across political parties and civic groups. On the day of the election, more than 60,000 candidate agents monitored close to all polling sites, and were responsible for directly reporting results to their respective party leaders.<\/sup>\u00a0The parallel vote-tabulation system allowed polling sites to compare their results to the official ones released by the Electoral commission.<\/sup>\u00a0The Inter-Party Advisory Committee (IPAC) was established to discuss election preparations with all parties and the Electoral Commission, as well as establish procedures to investigate and resolve complaints.<\/sup><\/sup> Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on the same day and see-through boxes were used in order to further ensure the legitimacy of the elections\u00a0Despite some fears of electoral violence, the election was peaceful and had a 78% turnout rate, and was successful with only minor problems such as an inadequate supply of ink and parliamentary ballots.<\/sup><\/p>\n

The two major contenders of the 1996 election were Rawlings’ NDC, and\u00a0John Kufuor’s Great Alliance, an amalgamation of the\u00a0New Patriotic Party (NPP)\u00a0and the People’s Convention Party (PCP).<\/sup>\u00a0The Great Alliance based their platform on ousting Rawlings, and attacked the incumbent government for its poor fiscal policies. However, they were unable to articulate a clear positive message of their own, or plans to change the current economic policy. As Ghana was heavily dependent on international aid, local leaders had minimal impact on the economy. The Electoral Commission reported that Rawlings had won by 57%, with Kufuor obtaining 40% of the vote. Results by district were similar to those in 1992, with the opposition winning the\u00a0Ashanti Region\u00a0and some constituencies in Eastern and Greater Accra, and Rawlings winning in his ethnic home, the\u00a0Volta Region, and faring well in every other region.<\/sup>\u00a0The NDC took 134 seats in the Assembly compared to the opposition’s 66, and the NPP took 60 seats in the parliament.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Post military<\/span><\/h2>\n

The 1992 constitution limits a president to two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive. Rawlings did not attempt to amend the document to allow him to run for a third term in\u00a02000. He retired in 2001 and was succeeded by\u00a0John Agyekum Kufuor,<\/sup>\u00a0his main rival and opponent in 1996. It was the first time in Ghanaian history that a sitting government\u00a0peacefully transferred power\u00a0to an elected member of the opposition.<\/p>\n

Kufuor won the presidency after defeating Rawlings’ vice-president\u00a0John Atta Mills\u00a0in a runoff in 2000. In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor after another election between the two.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Post presidency<\/span><\/h2>\n

In November 2000, Rawlings was named the first\u00a0International Year of Volunteers\u00a02001 Eminent Person by\u00a0UN Secretary-General\u00a0Kofi Annan, attending various events and conferences to promote volunteerism.<\/sup><\/p>\n

In October 2010, Rawlings was named as the\u00a0African Union\u00a0envoy to\u00a0Somalia.<\/sup>\u00a0In November 2010, he attended the inauguration of\u00a0D\u00e9si Bouterse\u00a0as\u00a0President of Suriname, and took a tour of the country. He was especially interested in the Ghanaian origins of the\u00a0Maroon\u00a0people.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Rawlings delivered lectures at universities, including\u00a0Oxford University\u00a0in England.<\/sup>\u00a0Rawlings continued his heavy support for NDC.<\/sup>\u00a0In July 2019, he went on a three-day working trip to\u00a0Burkina Faso\u00a0in the capacity of Chairman of the Thomas Sankara Memorial Committee.<\/sup><\/p>\n

In September 2019, he paid a tribute on behalf of the president and people of Ghana, when he led a delegation to the funeral of\u00a0Robert Mugabe, the late former president of\u00a0Zimbabwe.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Death and state funeral<\/span><\/h2>\n

Rawlings died on 12 November 2020 at\u00a0Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital\u00a0in Accra, a week after having been admitted for a “short term illness” in Ghana.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0According to some reports, his death was caused by complications from\u00a0COVID-19.<\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0His death came nearly two months after that of his mother, Victoria Agbotui, on 24 September 2020.<\/sup>\u00a0President\u00a0Nana Akufo-Addo\u00a0declared a seven-day period of mourning in his honor and flags flown at half-mast.[50]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0His family members appealed to the\u00a0Government of Ghana\u00a0to bury him in\u00a0Keta\u00a0in the\u00a0Volta Region.<\/sup>\u00a0A schedule for the signing of a book of condolence was opened in his memory.<\/sup>\u00a0His funeral, originally planned for 23 December 2020, was postponed at the request of his family.<\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

State burial<\/span><\/h3>\n

From 24 to 27 January 2021, funeral ceremonies were organized at Accra in Rawlings’ memory.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0A\u00a0requiem mass\u00a0for Jerry Rawlings was held at the\u00a0Holy Spirit Cathedral\u00a0on 24 January 2021, followed by a vigil at the Air Force Officers’ Mess in Accra later that evening.<\/sup><\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0His body was\u00a0laid in state\u00a0in the foyer of the\u00a0Accra International Conference Centre\u00a0from 25 to 26 January 2021.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0There were also traditional rites performed by the\u00a0Anlo Ewe\u00a0people of his maternal ancestry. On 27 January 2021, a state funeral, attended by national and international political leaders, paramount chiefs, diplomats and other dignitaries, was held at the\u00a0Black Star Square\u00a0before his burial service at the\u00a0Military Cemetery\u00a0at\u00a0Burma Camp, with full military honours, including a\u00a0slow march\u00a0by the\u00a0funeral cort\u00e8ge, a\u00a0flypast\u00a0of a\u00a0Ghana Air Force\u00a0helicopter, the sounding of the\u00a0Last Post\u00a0by army buglers and a\u00a021-gun salute.<\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Awards and honours<\/span><\/h2>\n
    \n
  • July 1984: the\u00a0Order of Jose Marti\u00a0by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro.<\/sup><\/li>\n
  • October 2013:\u00a0Honorary degree\u00a0(Doctorate of Letters) from the\u00a0University for Development Studies\u00a0in northern Ghana.\n
      \n
    • This award recognised Rawlings’s contribution to the establishment of the university. In 1993, he used his US$50,000\u00a0Hunger Project\u00a0cash prize as seed money to sponsor the establishment of the state-owned university (founded in May 1992), the first of its kind in the three northern\u00a0regions of Ghana.<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • October 2013: the Global Champion for People’s Freedom award bestowed the Mkiva Humanitarian Foundation.<\/sup><\/li>\n
    • August 2014: Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.<\/sup><\/li>\n
    • August 2018: Marcus Garvey Awards.<\/sup><\/li>\n
    • December 2018:\u00a0Enstooled\u00a0as the\u00a0Togbuiga Nutifafa I<\/b>\u00a0of Anlo, a development chief in the\u00a0Ghanaian chieftaincy\u00a0system.<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Legacy<\/span><\/h2>\n

      President\u00a0Nana Akufo-Addo\u00a0proposed to the Governing Council of\u00a0UDS\u00a0to rename the institution after Jerry John Rawlings since Rawlings used his US$50,000 Hunger Project prize as seed money to establish the university.<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0This suggestion was accepted by his family.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

      AMN | Personality Profile |\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Jerry John Rawlings\u00a0(22 June 1947\u00a0\u2013 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian military officer and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001. He led a\u00a0military junta\u00a0until 1992, and then served two terms as the democratically elected\u00a0President of Ghana. 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